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grammar: passive voice
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The passive is formed with the verb to be (is/was/have been etc.) and the past participle (done/cleaned/seen etc.):
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The sculpture is made of glass and plastic. |
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That toy was made in China. |
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All staff have been informed of the changes. |
The following forms are common:
http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/Pass1.cfm
When we say what a person or thing does, we use an active verb:
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My brother built his own house. |
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We all speak Spanish. |
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The man is repairing the fridge at the moment. |
When we say what happens to a person or thing – what is done to them – we use a passive verb:
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All of those houses were built by my brother. |
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Spanish is spoken in most Latin American countries. |
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I came by bus because my car is being repaired. |
Some verbs cannot have passive forms. Intransitive verbs , such as sleep, die, fall, or arrive, which do not take an object, do not have a passive form.
Also, stative verbs are not usually used in the passive.
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We all have university degrees (NOT University degrees are had by us all) |
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I see what you mean (NOT What you mean is seen by me) |
Many learners confuse active and passive verb forms because, as Swan points out in Practical English Usage (OUP; 1997) :
"Be is used to make both passive verb forms and active progressive tenses."
p. 409
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Your orders are being processed right now. |
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We are processing your orders right now. |
And "past participles are used to make both passive verb forms and active perfect tenses."
p. 409
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The toy was made in China. |
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He has made a terrible mistake. |
For more information about passive verb forms, see the following web sites:
http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Writing/p.html
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